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Image reconstruction in diffuse optical imaging
The forward problem, discussed above, involves calculating simulated data y (which may be CW, time-domain or frequency-domain data), given a forward operator F and knowledge of the sources q and internal optical properties -
Forward problem in diffuse optical imaging
Green's functions provide a method for modelling the diffusion equation or the RTE analytically. The Green's function is the solution when the source is a spatial and temporal δ-function, from which solutions -
Optical mammography
In 2000, more than 1 million women were diagnosed with breast cancer worldwide (Ferlay et al. 2001). Early detection decreases mortality (Tabar et al. 2003), so many countries routinely screen for breast cancer. X-ray -
Imaging brain function with optical topography
For more than two decades, the single channel measurement technique of NIR spectroscopy (NIRS) has been successfully used to measure the haemodynamic response to brain activity in both adults and neonates (Hoshi 2003). It has -
Future challenges in optical imaging
Improvements in source technology are likely to dominate developments in instrumentation. The development of new laser diodes has had a major impact on systems designed for diffuse optical imaging, and further improvements in the technology -
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Continuous wave systems
Measurements of the intensity of light transmitted between two points on the surface of tissue are not only relatively straightforward and inexpensive to obtain, but also contain a remarkable amount of useful information, as demonstrated -
Imaging the neonatal brain with optical tomography
Optical topography is able to measure and display haemodynamic changes occurring in the cortex, but is far less sensitive to deeper tissues. Optical tomography, however, uses widely spaced sources and detectors to measure light which -
Time domain systems
Early applications of time-domain measurements used time-gating to identify those photons which first emerge from the tissue, which are assumed to have travelled the shortest distance and therefore be least scattered. This approach -
Optical molecular imaging
Molecular imaging is a rapidly growing research field in which contrast agents are bound to specific proteins or genes and used to image the distribution of targeted molecules in small animal models (Weisslader and Ntziachristos -
Frequency domain systems
A time-domain measurement can be equivalently expressed in the frequency domain. Some researchers have developed imaging systems which acquire frequency-domain data directly using a source that is amplitude modulated at a high frequency -
Introduction to optical imaging
Visible and near infrared (NIR) light interact with biological tissue predominantly by absorption and elastic scattering. There are several physiologically interesting molecules which have characteristic absorption spectra at these wavelengths. In particular, the spectra of -
Optical imaging
This is part of the Medical imaging wiki, and is based on a recent review paper, formatted in the style of a wikia article. Please help to make it into a comprehensive, up-to-date -
Selection of optimal wavelength
The choice of wavelengths to use for NIR studies is a complex one. The NIR window used for tissue optics is bounded roughly between 650 nm and 850 nm. At lower wavelengths, absorption by haemoglobin -
Modelling light transport in tissue
Before image reconstruction can be attempted, a model of photon transport in tissue is required. For diffuse optical imaging, the diffusion equation, in which the propagation of light is assumed to be isotropic, is commonly -
Comparison of time domain and frequency domain systems
The relative advantages and disadvantages of frequency-domain optical imaging systems compared to time-domain systems have been subject to debate for more than ten years. Frequency-domain systems are relatively inexpensive, easy to develop -
Optical imaging of other tissues
The application of optical imaging to other areas of the body is restricted by the limited penetration of light across large thicknesses of tissue. Muscle tissue has been widely investigated using NIRS, although relatively few -
Background to optical modelling and reconstruction
The 1997 review of modelling and image reconstruction techniques (Arridge and Hebden 1997) is still a useful introduction to the basic theoretical concepts. Progress since 1997 has largely focussed on developing more realistic and efficient -
Detection of minimally scattered photons
It was recognised early in the history of optical imaging that photons which have been scattered a small number of times carry more spatial information than diffusive photons. Furthermore, if measurements could be made of -
Other approaches to optical imaging
The predominant factor which reduces the image quality in diffuse optical imaging is scatter, and many of the advances in instrumentation, theory, and experimental techniques have been designed to reduce its effect. We will briefly -
Optical imaging - conclusion
The field of diffuse optical imaging has made significant advances since the two reviews of optical imaging in medicine were published in Physics in Medicine and Biology in 1997. Imaging systems have become faster, more -
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